1 Introduction. - A Reductionist Approach. - Physical Factors. - A Multiplicity of Variables. - Organization of the Book. - Photosynthesis. - Animal Energetics. - Microclimates. - Knowledge of Ecosystems. - 2 Energy and Energy Budgets. - Organism Temperatures. - Microclimate. - The Energy Environment. - Coupling between Organism and Environment. - Climate Factors. - Energy Budgets. - 3 Application to Plants. - Energy Budget of a Leaf. - Sample Calculations of Leaf Temperature. - Photosynthesis by Leaves. - Problems. - 4 Application to Animals. - Energy Exchange. - The Analysis. - Body Temperature. - Physiological Properties. - Sample Calculations. - Climate-Space. - Problems. - 5 Radiation Laws Units and Definitions. - Radiation Laws. - Système International. - Radiometric Terminology. - Photometric Terminology. - Solar Illumination and Irradiation. - Problems. - 6 Solar Radiation. - Sun and Earth Geometry. - Direct Solar Irradiation without Atmosphere. - Attenuation by the Earth's Atmosphere. - Direct Solar Irradiation with Atmosphere. - Diffuse and Global Shortwave Irradiation with a Clear Sky. - Global Shortwave Irradiation with an Overcast Sky. - Measured Amounts of Global Radiation. - Daylight and Twilight. - Moonlight. - Plant Productivity. - Solar and Skylight Irradiation of Slopes. - Problems. - 7 Longwave and Total Radiation. - Terrestrial Longwave Radiation. - Nighttime Radiation Climate. - Measured Thermal Radiation. - Daytime Radiation Climate. - Absorption of Radiation. - Sample Calculations. - Diurnal Radiation Climate. - Problems. - 8 Spectral Characteristics of Radiation and Matter. - Molecular Spectra. - The Atmospheric Absorption Spectrum. - Thermal Emission Spectra. - Atmospheric Scattering. - Spectral Distribution of Direct Solar Radiation. - Spectral Distribution of Skylight. - Spectral Distribution ofGlobal Radiation. - Comparative Spectral Distribution of Natural Light. - Spectral Properties of Liquid Water. - Spectral Properties of Plants. - Leaf Optical Properties with Angle of Incidence. - Spectral Properties of Animals. - Problems. - 9 Conduction and Convection. - Viscosity. - Heat Transfer by Conduction. - Theory of Convection. - Dimensionless Groups. - Forced Convection with Laminar Flow. - Forced Convection with Turbulent Flow. - Forced Flow over a Cylinder. - Forced Flow over a Sphere. - Forced Flow over Animals. - Free Convection. - Actual Broad Leaves. - Leaf Adaptation to Environment Problems. - 10 Evaporation and Transpiration. - Ideal Gas Law. - Definitions. - Mass Transfer. - First Law of Thermodynamics. - Enthalpy and Equivalent Temperature. - Wet Surface of Vegetation. - Transpiration by Leaves. - Environmental Influences on Leaf Resistance. - Problems. - 11 Energy Budgets of Plants. - Time-Dependent Energy Budgets. - Observed Transients. - Steady-State Energy Budget. - Observed Leaf Temperatures. - Optimal Leaf Size. - Photosynthesis; Taking into Account Light and Temperature. - Adaptation to High Radiation. - Problems. - 12 Energy Budgets of Animals. - Steady-State Energy Budgets. - Metabolic Rate. - Thermal Conductance. - Metabolism and Body Size. - Body Temperatures. - Evaporative Water Loss. - Insulation by Fur or Feathers. - Radiation Absorbed. - Radiation Emitted. - Convection Coefficients. - Appendages. - Behavior and Special Anatomical Features. - Lizards. - Alligators. - Chipmunks. - White-Tailed Deer. - Distributed-Parameter Model. - Additional Information. - Problems. - 13 Time-Dependent Energetics of Animals. - Animals without Pelage. - Animals with Pelage. - Body-Temperature-Dependent M and ?Eb. - General Time-Varying Environment. - Evolution of Thermoregulation. - Problems. - 14 Photosynthesis. -Photosynthesis. - Analytical Models. - Photosynthesis Model without Respiration. - Respiration. - Resistances. - Photosynthesis Model with Respiration. - Biochemical Model of Photosynthesis. - Problems. - 15 Temperature and Organisms. - Temperature History of the Earth's Climate. - Physiology and Temperature. - Higher Plants. - Grasslands. - Arctic and Alpine Ecosystems. - Temperature Effects on Insects. - Appendices. - Appendix 1: Conversion Factors: Système International (SI) Units and cgs Equivalents. - Appendix 2: Physical Constants. - Appendix 3: Properties of Air Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide. - Appendix 4: Determination of Solar Altitude and Azimuth. - References. Language: English